A case report of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in a 23-year-old female with acute psychiatric symptoms

Abstract

Key clinical message: Prompt identification and management of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis in young patients with acute psychiatric symptoms, seizures, and neurological deficits are crucial. Timely immunomodulatory therapy is essential for positive outcomes and minimizing long-term complications. High suspicion for this rare disorder is necessary for timely diagnosis and optimal care.

Abstract: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is characterized by the presence of antibodies against the NMDA receptor, a crucial component of synaptic signaling. This autoimmune disorder often manifests with psychiatric symptoms, seizures, and neurological deficits. Early diagnosis is essential, as delayed treatment can result in severe complications. In this case, the patient received corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), leading to a successful recovery with no lingering neurological abnormalities. The prompt initiation of treatment highlights the importance of recognizing this condition early. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is a rare autoimmune disorder that presents with a range of neurological symptoms. In this case report, we highlight the significance of early recognition and treatment by discussing the emergency room visit of a 23-year-old woman who presented with acute-onset agitation, disorientation, and seizures. A 23-year-old woman, presented to the emergency room with acute-onset agitation, disorientation, and seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans revealed temporal lobe signal alterations and electroencephalogram (EEG) showed widespread activity slowing. Importantly, anti-NMDA receptor antibodies were detected in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid, confirming the diagnosis of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. This case report underscores the significance of understanding the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Timely recognition and intervention are crucial for achieving favorable outcomes in patients with this rare but clinically important autoimmune disorder. Increased awareness among healthcare professionals is essential to ensure early diagnosis and prompt initiation of appropriate treatment strategies.

Keywords: anti‐NMDA receptor encephalitis; autoantibody; autoimmune encephalitis; cerebrospinal fluid; encephalitis.