Enhanced recovery program in ambulatory pediatric urology: A quality improvement initiative

Abstract

Background: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) was established in 2001 for adult patients undergoing complex procedures. ERAS in adult ambulatory surgery later followed with similar positive outcomes. For the pediatric population, ERAS implementation has shown promising results in complex surgeries such as bladder reconstruction. Its application in pediatric ambulatory surgery has only recently been reported. We hereby report a Quality Improvement initiative in implementing an Enhanced Recovery Protocol (ERP) for pediatric urology in an ambulatory surgery center.

Methods: A project was launched to evaluate and implement enhanced recovery elements into an institutional Enhanced Recovery Protocol (ERP). These included reliance on peripheral nerve blocks for all inguinal and genital cases and reduction of opioids intraoperatively and postoperatively. Improvements were placed into a project plan broken into one preparation phase to collect baseline data and three implementation phases to enhance existing and implement new elements. The implementation phase went through iterative Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles for all sub-projects. Team countermeasures were based on available evidence. A consensus process was used to resolve disagreement. Monthly meetings were held to share real-time data, gather new feedback, and modify plans as needed. The primary outcome measures selected were percent intraoperative opioid use, percent opioid prescribing, mean PACU length of stay, and average number of opioid doses prescribed. Secondary outcome measures were mean maximum pain score in PACU, PACU rescue rate for PONV, and patient/family satisfaction scores. Post-implementation data for 18 months was included for evaluation. Statistical process control methodology was used.

Results: The total number of participants was 3306: 561 (baseline), 220 (Phase 1) 356 (Phase 2) and 527 (Phase 3), 1642 (post-implementation). Intraoperative opioid use was eliminated in >99% of cases. Post-operative opioid prescribing was reduced from 30% to 15% of patients. The number of opioid doses was also reduced from an average of 7.6 to 6.1 doses. There was no change for the mean maximum pain score in the recovery room despite elimination of opioids. Patient/family satisfaction scores were high and sustained throughout the period of study (9.8/10). Balancing measures such as return to the operating room within 30 days and return to the emergency department within 7 days were unchanged.

Conclusions: This QI project demonstrated the feasibility of a pediatric enhanced recovery protocol in a urology ambulatory surgery setting. With implementation of this protocol, intraoperative opioid use was virtually eliminated, and opioid prescribing was reduced without affecting pain scores or post-operative complications.

Keywords: Ambulatory surgery; ERAS; Enhanced recovery; Opioids; Outcomes; Quality and safety.