Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their unique properties and diverse applications across various industries. This review provides an overview of the synthesis methods, characterization techniques, applications, regulatory guidelines, and challenges associated with AgNPs. Green synthesis routes, utilizing natural extracts or biomolecules, have emerged as environmentally sustainable alternatives for producing AgNPs with reduced environmental impact. Characterization techniques such as spectroscopy, microscopy, and chromatography are employed to analyze the physicochemical properties of AgNPs and ensure their quality and stability. AgNPs find applications in biomedical, environmental, and consumer product sectors, including wound dressings, water purification filters, cosmetics, and medical devices, owing to their antimicrobial, catalytic, and optical properties. Regulatory guidelines play a crucial role in ensuring the safe and responsible use of AgNPs, addressing concerns related to biocompatibility, toxicity, and environmental impact. However, challenges remain in standardization, scalability, and long-term safety assessment of AgNP-based products. Future research efforts should focus on optimizing synthesis methods, enhancing characterization techniques, and addressing regulatory gaps to unlock the full potential of AgNPs while ensuring their safety and sustainability. Overall, AgNPs offer promising opportunities for addressing global challenges and driving technological innovation across diverse sectors.
Keywords: Biomedical applications; Catalysis; Characterization; Environmental remediation; Green synthesis; Microorganisms; Plant extracts; Silver nanoparticles.