Influenza A viruses have a wide range of hosts and are highly infectious, which can cause zoonotic diseases and pose a serious public health threat to human safety. An influenza pandemic could outbreak if new strains gain the ability of human-to-human transmission, either by genetic mutation or by gene reassortment. It is an urgent issue for the scientific community to reveal the genetic basis and molecular mechanisms underlying the interspecies transmission of influenza viruses, which will provide important implications for the effective monitoring and prevention of potential influenza pandemics. In this review, we summarize the molecular determinants of influenza viruses for host adaptation, and highlight the advances in the gene mutations of the virus itself and the interaction between virus and host factors. This will help to make a theoretical reserve for the next influenza pandemic and find new strategies to fight against influenza.
甲型流感病毒宿主广泛，传染性强，可引起人畜共患病，严重威胁人类健康和公共卫生安全。甲型流感病毒可以通过基因突变和基因重配等机制不断变异，如果新毒株打破宿主限制获得在人类传播的能力，有可能造成流感大流行。理解流感病毒突破种间屏障的遗传学基础和分子机制，是科学界亟待解决的问题，对有效监控和预防潜在流感大爆发的具有重要的提示作用。本文对目前研究流感病毒宿主适应的分子决定因素展开了综述，着重介绍了病毒本身的遗传变异以及和病毒相互作用的宿主因子的作用，以便为应对下次流感大流行做好理论储备，为抵抗流感寻找新策略。.
Keywords: host adaptation; influenza A virus; interspecies transmission; molecular basis.