How to manage adult patients with malaria in the non-endemic setting

Abstract

Background: The diagnosis and management of malaria in non-endemic countries presents a continuing challenge. Plasmodium falciparum, which is capable of rapidly inducing severe and life-threatening multiorgan disease, is the species most frequently diagnosed in Europe and North America.

Objectives: To summarise the more relevant diagnostic findings and clinical features of malaria observed in non-endemic settings and to provide an update of the key management decision points using three illustrative clinical scenarios of uncomplicated and severe malaria.

Sources: The discussion is based on a relevant literature search spanning the last 20 years. Recommendations are based on available clinical guidelines including those of the WHO, observational studies conducted in non-endemic settings, and, when available, extrapolation from randomised studies from malaria-endemic settings.

Content: The following topics are covered: diagnosis, including the use of molecular biology; clinical characteristics; management with a specific focus on complicated (severe) and uncomplicated malaria; and areas of resistance to available antimalarial drugs.

Implications: Malaria imported to non-endemic settings, especially P. falciparum malaria, is sometimes initially overlooked and the delayed diagnosis is responsible for every year of preventable deaths. This review aims to raise awareness of malaria outside endemic countries and to provide clinicians with a practical guide for efficient diagnosis and targeted therapy for the different species involved.

Keywords: Artesunate; Diagnosis; Malaria; Non-endemic setting; P. knowlesi; P. malariae; P. ovale; P. vivax; Plasmodium falciparum; Treatment.