Canagliflozin Mitigated Cognitive Impairment in Streptozotocin-Induced Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease in Mice: Role of AMPK/SIRT-1 Signaling Pathway in Modulating Neuroinflammation

J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2024 Jul 29;19(1):39. doi: 10.1007/s11481-024-10140-y.

Abstract

Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD) represents a major health concern especially among elderly. Noteworthy, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are highly implicated in AD pathogenesis resulting in enhanced disease progression. Moreover, most of the available anti-Alzheimer drugs have several adverse effects with variable efficacy, therefore new strategies, including agents with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, are encouraged. Along these lines, canagliflozin (CAN), with its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities, presents a promising candidate for AD treatment. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of CAN via regulation of AMPK/SIRT-1/BDNF/GSK-3β signaling pathway in SAD. SAD model was induced by intracerebroventricular streptozotocin injection (ICV-STZ;3 mg/kg, once), while CAN was administered (10 mg/kg/day, orally) to STZ-treated mice for 21 days. Behavioral tests, novel object recognition (NOR), Y-Maze, and Morris Water Maze (MWM) tests, histopathological examination, total adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (T-AMPK) expression, p-AMPK, and silent information regulator-1 (SIRT-1) were evaluated. Furthermore, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Tau protein, insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), nuclear factor erythroid-2 (Nrf-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor kappa-B-p65 (NFκB-p65), beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1), and amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque were assessed. CAN restored STZ-induced cognitive deficits, confirmed by improved behavioral tests and histopathological examination. Besides, CAN halted STZ-induced neurotoxicity through activation of p-AMPK/SIRT-1/BDNF pathway, subsequently reduction of GSK-3β, Tau protein, AChE, NFκB-p65, IL-6, BACE-1, and Aβ plaque associated with increased IDE and Nrf-2. Consequentially, our findings assumed that CAN, via targeting p-AMPK/SIRT-1 pathway, combated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in STZ-induced AD. Thus, this study highlighted the promising effect of CAN for treating AD.

Keywords: AMPK/SIRT-1; Canagliflozin; Neuroinflammation; STZ mice; Sporadic Alzheimer’s disease.

MeSH terms

  • AMP-Activated Protein Kinases* / metabolism
  • Alzheimer Disease* / drug therapy
  • Alzheimer Disease* / metabolism
  • Animals
  • Canagliflozin* / pharmacology
  • Canagliflozin* / therapeutic use
  • Cognitive Dysfunction* / drug therapy
  • Cognitive Dysfunction* / metabolism
  • Male
  • Mice
  • Neuroinflammatory Diseases / drug therapy
  • Neuroinflammatory Diseases / metabolism
  • Signal Transduction* / drug effects
  • Sirtuin 1* / metabolism
  • Streptozocin* / toxicity

Substances

  • Streptozocin
  • Sirtuin 1
  • AMP-Activated Protein Kinases
  • Canagliflozin
  • Sirt1 protein, mouse