Comparing the Memory Effects of 50-Hz Low-Frequency and 10-kHz High-Frequency Thoracic Spinal Cord Stimulation on Spinal Neural Network in a Myocardial Infarction Porcine Model

Siamak Salavatian; Benjamin Wong; Yuki Kuwabara; Jonathan R Fritz; Christopher G Varghese; Kimberly Howard-Quijano; J Andrew Armour; Robert D Foreman; Jeffrey L Ardell; Aman Mahajan

doi:10.1016/j.neurom.2024.06.002

Comparing the Memory Effects of 50-Hz Low-Frequency and 10-kHz High-Frequency Thoracic Spinal Cord Stimulation on Spinal Neural Network in a Myocardial Infarction Porcine Model

Neuromodulation. 2024 Jul 30:S1094-7159(24)00129-6. doi: 10.1016/j.neurom.2024.06.002. Online ahead of print.

Affiliations

¹ Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
² Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
³ Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
⁴ Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
⁵ Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Program of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
⁶ Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Electronic address: mahajana@upmc.edu.

PMID: 39078348
DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2024.06.002

Abstract

Objective: This study evaluated the effects of cessation of both conventional low-frequency (50 Hz) and high-frequency (10 kHz) spinal cord stimulation (SCS) on the cardiospinal neural network activity in pigs with myocardial infarction (MI). The objective is to provide an insight into the memory effect of SCS.

Materials and methods: In nine Yorkshire pigs, chronic MI was created by delivering microspheres to the left circumflex coronary artery. Five weeks after MI, anesthetized pigs underwent sternotomy to expose the heart for performing acute ischemia intervention, and laminectomy to expose the T1-T4 spinal regions for extracellular in vivo neural recording and SCS. Cardiac ischemic-sensitive neurons were identified by selective responsiveness to left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery occlusion. SCS episodes were delivered in a random order between low- (50 Hz) and high- (10 kHz) frequency, for 1 minute, at 90% of the motor threshold current. Neural firing and synchrony of ischemic-sensitive spinal neurons were evaluated before vs after SCS.

Results: Using a 64-channel microelectrode array, 2711 spinal neurons were recorded extracellularly. LAD ischemia excited 228 neurons that were labeled as ischemic-responsive neurons. The cessation of 50-Hz SCS caused a higher activation than did inhibition of ischemic-responsive neurons (41 activated vs 19 inhibited), whereas the cessation of 10-kHz SCS caused an opposite response with higher inhibition (11 activated vs 28 inhibited, p < 0.01 vs 50 Hz). Termination of low-frequency SCS caused an increase in ischemic-responsive neuronal firing rate compared with high-frequency SCS (50 Hz: 0.39 Hz ± 0.16 Hz, 10 kHz: -0.11 Hz ± 0.057 Hz, p < 0.01). In addition, SCS delivered at 50 Hz increased the number of synchronized pairs of neurons by 205 pairs, whereas high-frequency SCS decreased the number of synchronized pairs by 345 pairs (p < 0.01).

Conclusions: High-frequency (10 kHz) stimulation provides persistent suppression of the ischemia-sensitive neurons after termination of SCS. In contrast, the spinal neural network reverted to excitatory state after termination of low-frequency (50 Hz) stimulation.

Keywords: High-frequency stimulation; memory; myocardial ischemia; spinal cord stimulation; spinal neural network.