Cellular redox homeostasis is essential for maintaining cellular activities, such as DNA synthesis and gene expression. Inspired by this, new therapeutic interventions have been rapidly developed to modulate the intracellular redox state using artificial transmembrane electron transport. However, current approaches that rely on external electric field polarization can disrupt cellular functions, limiting their in vivo application. Therefore, it is crucial to develop novel electric-field-free modulation methods. In this work, we for the first time found that graphene could spontaneously insert into living cell membranes and serve as an electron tunnel to regulate intracellular reactive oxygen species and NADH based on the spontaneous bipolar electrochemical reaction mechanism. This work provides a wireless and electric-field-free approach to regulating cellular redox states directly and offers possibilities for biological applications such as cell process intervention and treatment for neurodegenerative diseases.
Keywords: bipolar electrochemistry; cell fate regulation; cellular redox state; graphene−cell interaction; transmembrane graphene.