Other Immunomodulatory Treatment for Cytokine Storm Syndromes

Adv Exp Med Biol. 2024:1448:601-609. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-59815-9_40.

Abstract

Cytokine storm syndromes (CSS) include different entities such as macrophage activation syndrome, primary and secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with COVID-19. An effective management strategy is critical in CSS. While biologics have become an essential part of CSS treatment, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has changed the fate of primary HLH patients. This chapter will focus on the available alternative immunomodulatory therapies in CSS, which include corticosteroids, cyclosporine A, intravenous immunoglobulin, interleukin 18 binding protein, therapeutic plasmapheresis, HSCT, and mesenchymal stromal cell-based therapies.

Keywords: Anti-thymocyte globulin; Intravenous immunoglobulin; Plasmapheresis; Rituximab.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • COVID-19* / complications
  • COVID-19* / immunology
  • COVID-19* / therapy
  • Cyclosporine / therapeutic use
  • Cytokine Release Syndrome* / immunology
  • Cytokine Release Syndrome* / therapy
  • Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
  • Humans
  • Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / therapeutic use
  • Immunomodulating Agents / therapeutic use
  • Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic / immunology
  • Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic / therapy
  • Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation / methods
  • Plasmapheresis / methods
  • SARS-CoV-2 / immunology
  • Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / immunology
  • Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / therapy

Substances

  • Immunomodulating Agents
  • Immunoglobulins, Intravenous
  • Cyclosporine

Supplementary concepts

  • pediatric multisystem inflammatory disease, COVID-19 related