A simplified non-reduced peptide mapping method with faster and efficient enzymatic digestion for characterization of native disulfide bonds in monoclonal and bispecific antibodies

Abstract

Development of monoclonal and bispecific antibody-based protein therapeutics requires detailed characterization of native disulfide linkages, which is commonly achieved through peptide mapping under non-reducing conditions followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. One major challenge of this method is incomplete protein digestion due to insufficient denaturation of antibodies under non-reducing conditions. For a long time, researchers have explored various strategies with the aim of efficiently digesting antibody drugs when the disulfide bonds remain intact, but few could achieve this by using a simple and generic approach with well controlled disulfide scrambling artifacts. Here, we report a simple method for fast and efficient mapping of native disulfides of monoclonal and bispecific antibody-based protein therapeutics. The method was optimized to achieve optimal digestion efficiency by denaturing proteins with 8 M urea plus 0-1.25 M guanidine-HCl at elevated temperature (50 °C), followed by two-step digestion with trypsin/Lys-C mix using a one-pot reaction. The only parameter that needs to be optimized for different proteins is the concentration of guanidine-HCl present. This simplified sample preparation eliminated buffer exchange and can be completed within three hours. By using this new method, all native disulfide bonds were confirmed for these monoclonal and bispecific antibodies with high confidence. When compared with a commercial kit utilizing low-pH digestion condition, the new method demonstrated higher digestion efficiency and shorter sample preparation time. These results suggest this new one-pot-two-step digestion method is suitable for the characterization of antibody disulfide bonds, particularly for those antibodies with digestion-resistant domains under typical digestion conditions.

Keywords: Antibody; Disulfide bond; Efficient digestion; LC-MS method development; One-pot sample preparation; Peptide mapping.