1 Department of Medicine and Department of Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (P.G.L.).
2 Department of Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (D.A.D.).
3 Department of Surgery, Institute for Health Informatics, and Center for Learning Health System Sciences, University of Minnesota, and Fairview Health Services, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.B.M.).
4 Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California (K.S.).
5 Institute for Informatics, Data Science, and Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri (P.R.O.P.).