Iron regulatory protein two facilitates ferritinophagy and DNA damage/repair through guiding ATG9A trafficking

Abstract

Trace elemental iron is an essential nutrient that participates in diverse metabolic processes. Dysregulation of cellular iron homeostasis, both iron deficiency and iron overload, is detrimental and tightly associated with disease pathogenesis. IRPs-IREs system is located at the center for iron homeostasis regulation. Additionally, ferritinophagy, the autophagy-dependent ferritin catabolism for iron recycling, is emerging as a novel mechanism for iron homeostasis regulation. It is still unclear whether IRPs-IREs system and ferritinophagy are synergistic or redundant in determining iron homeostasis. Here we report that IRP2, but not IRP1, is indispensable for ferritinophagy in response to iron depletion. Mechanistically, IRP2 ablation results in compromised AMPK activation and defective ATG9A endosomal trafficking, leading to the decreased engulfment of NCOA4-ferritin complex by endosomes and the subsequent dysregulated endosomal microferritinophagy. Moreover, this defective endosomal microferritinophagy exacerbates DNA damage and reduces colony formation in IRP2-depleted cells. Collectively, this study expands the physiological function of IRP2 in endosomal microferritinophagy and highlights potential crosstalk between IRPs-IREs and ferritinophagy in manipulating iron homeostasis.

Keywords: AMPK; ATG9A; IRP2; ferritinophagy; iron.