Zinc and its binding proteins: essential roles and therapeutic potential

Arch Toxicol. 2025 Jan;99(1):23-41. doi: 10.1007/s00204-024-03891-3. Epub 2024 Nov 7.

Abstract

Zinc is an essential micronutrient that participates in a multitude of cellular and biochemical processes. It is indispensable for normal growth and the maintenance of physiological functions. As one of the most significant trace elements in the body, zinc fulfills three primary biological roles: catalytic, structural, and regulatory. It serves as a cofactor in over 300 enzymes, and more than 3000 proteins require zinc, underscoring its crucial role in numerous physiological processes such as cell division and growth, immune function, tissue maintenance, as well as synthesis protein and collagen synthesis. Zinc deficiency has been linked to increased oxidative stress and inflammation, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of a multitude of diseases, like neurological disorders and cancer. In addition, zinc is a key constituent of zinc-binding proteins, which play a pivotal role in maintaining cellular zinc homeostasis. This review aims to update and expand upon the understanding of zinc biology, highlighting the fundamental roles of zinc in biological processes and the health implications of zinc deficiency. This work also explores the diverse functions of zinc in immune regulation, cellular growth, and neurological health, emphasizing the need for further research to fully elucidate the therapeutic potential of zinc supplementation in disease prevention and management.

Keywords: COVID-19; Cancer; Neurodegenerative diseases; Zinc; Zinc deficiency; Zinc finger proteins.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Carrier Proteins / metabolism
  • Dietary Supplements
  • Homeostasis
  • Humans
  • Inflammation / drug therapy
  • Oxidative Stress / drug effects
  • Trace Elements / metabolism
  • Trace Elements / therapeutic use
  • Zinc* / deficiency
  • Zinc* / metabolism
  • Zinc* / therapeutic use

Substances

  • Zinc
  • zinc-binding protein
  • Carrier Proteins
  • Trace Elements