A maternal high-fat diet predisposes to infant lung disease via increased neutrophil-mediated IL-6 trans-signaling

Abstract

A poor maternal diet during pregnancy predisposes the infant to severe lower respiratory tract infections (sLRIs), which, in turn, increases childhood asthma risk; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the offspring of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mothers (HFD-reared pups) developed an sLRI following pneumovirus inoculation in early life and subsequent asthma in later life upon allergen exposure. Prior to infection, HFD-reared pups developed microbial dysbiosis and low-grade systemic inflammation (LGSI), characterized by hyperneutropoiesis in the liver and elevated inflammatory cytokine expression, most notably granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin-17A (IL-17A), IL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) (indicative of IL-6 trans-signaling) in the circulation and multiple organs but most prominently the liver. Inhibition of IL-6 trans-signaling using sgp130Fc transgenic mice or via specific genetic deletion of IL-6Ra on neutrophils conferred protection against both diseases. Taken together, our findings suggest that a maternal HFD induces neonatal LGSI that predisposes to sLRI and subsequent asthma via neutrophil-mediated IL-6 trans-signaling.

Keywords: ALRI; CP: Immunology; CP: Metabolism; IL-6 trans-signaling; RSV; asthma; bronchiolitis; liver; low grade systemic inflammation; maternal diet; microbiome; neutrophils.