Restricting lysine normalizes toxic catabolites associated with ALDH7A1 deficiency in cells and mice

Abstract

Lysine metabolism converges at α-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH7A1). Rare loss-of-function mutations in ALDH7A1 cause a toxic accumulation of lysine catabolites, including piperideine-6-carboxylate (P6C), that are thought to cause fatal seizures in children unless strictly managed with dietary lysine reduction. In this study, we perform metabolomics and expression analysis of tissues from Aldh7a1-deficient mice, which reveal tissue-specific differences in lysine metabolism and other metabolic pathways. We also develop a fluorescent biosensor to characterize lysine transporter activity and identify competitive substrates that reduce the accumulation of lysine catabolites in ALDH7A1-deficient HEK293 cells. Lastly, we show that intravenous administration of lysine α-oxidase from Trichoderma viride reduces lysine and P6C levels by >80% in mice. Our results improve our understanding of lysine metabolism and make inroads toward improving therapeutic strategies for lysine catabolic disorders.

Keywords: ALDH7A1; CP: Metabolism; astrocytes; cationic amino acid transporters; enzyme substitution therapy; glutaric aciduria; inborn errors of metabolism; lysine metabolism; lysine oxidase; pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy; tissue metabolism.