Biological warfare between two bacterial viruses in a defense archipelago sheds light on the spread of CRISPR-Cas systems

Abstract

CRISPR-Cas systems are adaptive immunity systems of bacteria and archaea that prevent infection by viruses and other external mobile genetic elements. It is currently known that these defense systems can be co-opted by the same viruses. We have found one of these viruses in the opportunistic pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii, and the same system has been also found in an integration hotspot of the bacterial genome that harbors other multiple defense systems. The CRISPR-Cas system appears to especially target another virus that could compete with the system itself for the same integration site. This virus is prevalent in strains of the species belonging to the so-called Global Clone 2, which causes the most frequent outbreaks worldwide. Knowledge of this viral warfare involving antiviral systems could be useful in the fight against infections caused by bacteria, and it would also shed light on how CRISPR-Cas systems expand in bacteria.

Keywords: CP: Microbiology; CRISPR-Cas; PAM escape; antiviral system; bacteriophage; defense archipelago; defense system; genomic island; microbial genomics; pangenome; phage-plasmid.