The increasing incidence of cesarean birth has become quite controversial. The practice of delivering virtually all women with a prior cesarean section by repeat cesarean section is open to debate. In a large institutional practice, with rapid availability of all support services, selective attempts to deliver women vaginally, after a prior cesarean section, is appealing. A prospective 1-year study on all patients with a prior cesarean delivery commenced July 1, 1982. There were 1209 patients, of whom 751 (62%) underwent a trial of labor and 614 (82%) achieved vaginal delivery. There was no maternal mortality or perinatal mortality attributed to the trial of labor process. Oxytocin usage occurred in 38% of this population. The incidence of uterine rupture and scar dehiscence was similar in the various study subgroups. The overall group of women undergoing a trial of labor had significantly fewer postpartum complications and shorter hospital stays.