Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that range from 30 to 150 nm in size and are formed through cellular endocytosis. They consist of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids at varying ratios and quantities. The composition and spatiotemporal dynamics of exosomes suggest that they play a crucial role in intercellular communication. The information conveyed by exosomes significantly impacts the regulation of health and disease states in the organism. The term "noxious" refers to all harmful environmental agents and conditions that can disrupt the physiological equilibrium and induce pathological states, regardless whether of radiological, biological, or chemical origin. This review comprehensively examines the presence of such noxious agents within the organism in relation to exosome formation and function. Furthermore, it explores the cause-effect relationship between noxious agents and exosomes, aiming to restore physiological homeostasis and prepare the organism for defence against harmful agents. Regardless of the specific bioinformatic content associated with each noxious agent, synthesis of data on the interactions between various types of noxious agents and exosomes reveals that an organized defence against these agents is unachievable without the support of exosomes. Consequently, exosomes are identified as the primary communication and information system within an organism, with their content being pivotal in maintaining the health-disease balance.
Egzosomi su male izvanstanične vezikule veličine od 30 do 150 nm, a formiraju se putem stanične endocitoze. Oni se sastoje od proteina, lipida i nukleinskih kiselina (RNA) u različitim omjerima i količinama. Sastav egzosoma i njihova prostorno-vremenska dinamika upućuju na to da egzosomi imaju važnu ulogu u komunikaciji među svim stanicama. Informacije koje egzosomi prenose imaju važan učinak u kontroli zdravlja i bolesti organizma. Nokse su sve štetne tvari i pojave iz okoliša koje mogu narušiti fiziološku ravnotežu organizma i prouzročiti bolesno stanje, a mogu biti radiološkoga, biološkoga i kemijskoga podrijetla. Ovaj pregledni rad sveobuhvatnim pristupom povezuje prisutnost navedenih noksi u organizmu s ulogom i formiranjem egzosoma. Također, analizira se uzročno-posljedična veza noksa – egzosom radi uspostavljanja fiziološke ravnoteže i pripreme organizma za obranu od noksi. Bez obzira na specifičnosti svake bioinformacije o konkretnoj noksi, sintezom podataka o vezi između raznih vrsta noksi i egzosoma zaključeno je da je bilo kakva organizirana obrana organizma od noksi neostvariva bez pomoći egzosoma. Stoga su egzosomi definitivno glavni komunikacijsko-informacijski sustav organizma i njihov je sadržaj ključan u kontroli ravnoteže bolest – zdravlje.
Keywords: biological mediators; biološki medijatori; extracellular vesicles; harmful agents; intercellular crosstalk; izvanstanične vezikule; međustanična komunikacija; signali; signalling; štetni agensi.
© 2024 Ante Vučemilović, published by Sciendo.