Homeopathic and Conventional Treatments for Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: Real-World Cohort Study on Recurrence and Antibiotic Prescriptions

Complement Med Res. 2025;32(1):13-25. doi: 10.1159/000543183. Epub 2025 Jan 8.

Abstract

Introduction: The study evaluated the recurrence of acute upper respiratory tract infections (aURTIs) and the number of antibiotic prescriptions within a 12-month follow-up period in patients prescribed with either homeopathic medicines or medicines from one of four conventional medication classes for aURTI therapy.

Methods: This explorative cohort study used real-world electronic healthcare data from the Disease Analyzer database (IQVIA). Included were patients of all ages from Germany with an index diagnosis of aURTI between 2010 and 2018, who had prescriptions for either homeopathic, conventional cough and cold, nasal, or throat medicines or nonopioid analgesics on the day of diagnosis or within 6 days afterwards. aURTI recurrence was assessed by multivariable logistic regression, the number of antibiotic prescriptions by multivariable negative binomial regression.

Results: From 3,628,295 patients with aURTI diagnosis initially identified in the database in the relevant time interval, a total of 610,118 patients, fulfilling the in- and not violating the exclusion criteria, were retained for analysis. In the multivariate analyses on all patients, prescriptions of nasal medicines were associated with a significant, slightly higher (OR: 1.18, CI: 1.10-1.26, p < 0.001) risk of aURTI recurrence compared to homeopathic medicines within 12 months. Prescriptions of cough and cold (OR: 0.92, CI: 0.86-0.97, statistically significant, p = 0.005) as well as throat medicines (OR: 0.93, CI: 0.86-1.01, p = 0.086) and nonopioid analgesics (OR: 0.95, CI: 0.89-1.02, p = 0.181) were associated with slightly lower risk of aURTI recurrence compared to homeopathic medicines. In the analysis of the age-dependent subgroups, there were some deviations from the overall population in terms of statistical significance; however, the directions of the effect estimates were unchanged. Almost all results of negative binomial regression analyses assessing differences in the frequency of antibiotic prescriptions during follow-up, both in all patients and in the age-dependent subgroups, were statistically significant in favor of homeopathic medicines.

Conclusion: The study demonstrated that follow-up recurrence and antibiotic prescriptions in patients with uncomplicated aURTI are at least comparable between patients treated with homeopathic and conventional medicines in real-world practice. Despite some methodological limitations inherent to the database used, the results of this study indicate that homeopathic medicines present a valuable therapeutic option for managing aURTI.

Introduction: The study evaluated the recurrence of acute upper respiratory tract infections (aURTIs) and the number of antibiotic prescriptions within a 12-month follow-up period in patients prescribed with either homeopathic medicines or medicines from one of four conventional medication classes for aURTI therapy.

Methods: This explorative cohort study used real-world electronic healthcare data from the Disease Analyzer database (IQVIA). Included were patients of all ages from Germany with an index diagnosis of aURTI between 2010 and 2018, who had prescriptions for either homeopathic, conventional cough and cold, nasal, or throat medicines or nonopioid analgesics on the day of diagnosis or within 6 days afterwards. aURTI recurrence was assessed by multivariable logistic regression, the number of antibiotic prescriptions by multivariable negative binomial regression.

Results: From 3,628,295 patients with aURTI diagnosis initially identified in the database in the relevant time interval, a total of 610,118 patients, fulfilling the in- and not violating the exclusion criteria, were retained for analysis. In the multivariate analyses on all patients, prescriptions of nasal medicines were associated with a significant, slightly higher (OR: 1.18, CI: 1.10-1.26, p < 0.001) risk of aURTI recurrence compared to homeopathic medicines within 12 months. Prescriptions of cough and cold (OR: 0.92, CI: 0.86-0.97, statistically significant, p = 0.005) as well as throat medicines (OR: 0.93, CI: 0.86-1.01, p = 0.086) and nonopioid analgesics (OR: 0.95, CI: 0.89-1.02, p = 0.181) were associated with slightly lower risk of aURTI recurrence compared to homeopathic medicines. In the analysis of the age-dependent subgroups, there were some deviations from the overall population in terms of statistical significance; however, the directions of the effect estimates were unchanged. Almost all results of negative binomial regression analyses assessing differences in the frequency of antibiotic prescriptions during follow-up, both in all patients and in the age-dependent subgroups, were statistically significant in favor of homeopathic medicines.

Conclusion: The study demonstrated that follow-up recurrence and antibiotic prescriptions in patients with uncomplicated aURTI are at least comparable between patients treated with homeopathic and conventional medicines in real-world practice. Despite some methodological limitations inherent to the database used, the results of this study indicate that homeopathic medicines present a valuable therapeutic option for managing aURTI.

<title>Einleitung</title> Die Studie untersuchte das Wiederauftreten von akuten Infektionen der oberen Atemwege (aURTI) und die Anzahl der Antibiotikaverordnungen innerhalb einer 12-monatigen Nachbeobachtungszeit bei Patienten, denen entweder homöopathische Arzneimittel oder Arzneimittel aus einer von vier konventionellen Arzneimittelklassen zur aURTI-Therapie verschrieben wurden.<title>Methoden</title> Für diese explorative Kohortenstudie wurden elektronische Gesundheitsdaten aus der Disease Analyzer Datenbank (IQVIA) verwendet. Eingeschlossen wurden Patienten aller Altersgruppen aus Deutschland mit einer aURTI-Indexdiagnose zwischen 2010 und 2018, denen am Tag der Diagnose oder innerhalb von sechs Tagen danach entweder homöopathische oder konventionelle Husten- bzw. Erkältungsmedikamente, Nasenmedikamente, Hals- bzw. Rachenmedikamente oder Nichtopioid-Analgetika verschrieben wurden. aURTI-Rezidive wurden mittels multivariabler logistischer Regression analysiert, die Anzahl der Antibiotika-Verschreibungen mittels multivariabler negativer Binomialregression.<title>Ergebnisse</title> Von den 3'628'295 Patienten mit einer aURTI-Diagnose, die im relevanten Zeitintervall ursprünglich in der Datenbank identifiziert wurden, konnten insgesamt 610'118 Patienten, die die Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien erfüllten bzw. nicht verletzten, in die Analyse einbezogen werden. In den multivariaten Analysen aller Patienten waren Verschreibungen von Arzneimitteln für nasale Symptome im Vergleich zu homöopathischen Medikamenten mit einem leicht erhöhten, statistisch signifikanten Risiko eines erneuten Auftretens einer aURTI innerhalb von 12 Monaten verbunden (OR: 1.18, KI: 1.10–1.26, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001). In den Gruppen mit Verschreibungen von Husten- und Erkältungsmitteln (OR: 0.92, CI: 0.86–0.97, statistisch signifikant, <italic>p</italic> = 0.005) sowie von Hals- und Rachenmitteln (OR: 0.93, CI: 0.86–1.01, <italic>p</italic> = 0.086) und Nichtopioid-Analgetika (OR: 0.95, CI: 0.89–1.02, <italic>p</italic> = 0.181) zeigte sich ein leicht geringeres Risiko für ein erneutes Auftreten einer aURTI im Vergleich zu homöopathischen Arzneimitteln. Zwischen den altersabhängigen Subgruppenanalysen gab es teilweise von der Gesamtpopulation abweichende Ergebnisse bezüglich der statistischen Signifikanz; die Richtungen der Effektschätzer waren jedoch unverändert. Fast alle Ergebnisse der negativen Binomialregressionsanalysen zur Bewertung von Unterschieden in der Häufigkeit von Antibiotikaverordnungen während der Nachbeobachtung waren in der Gesamtpopulation und in den altersabhängigen Subgruppen statistisch signifikant zugunsten homöopathischer Arzneimittel.<title>Schlussfolgerung</title> Die Studie hat im dargestellten Setting gezeigt, dass die Häufigkeit des Wiederauftretens der Erkrankung und die Verschreibung von Antibiotika in der Nachbeobachtungszeit bei Patienten mit unkomplizierter aURTI, die in der Praxis entweder mit homöopathischen oder konventionellen Arzneimitteln behandelt werden, weitgehend vergleichbar sind. Trotz einiger methodischer Einschränkungen im Zusammenhang mit der verwendeten Datenbank deuten die Ergebnisse dieser Studie darauf hin, dass homöopathische Arzneimittel eine wertvolle therapeutische Option für die Behandlung von aURTI darstellen.

Keywords: Acute upper respiratory tract infections; Akute Infektionen der oberen Atemwege; Cohort study; Conventional medicines; Daten aus der Praxis; Homeopathic medicines; Homöopathische Arzneimittel; Kohortenstudie; Konventionelle Arzneimittel; Real-world data.

MeSH terms

  • Acute Disease
  • Adolescent
  • Adult
  • Aged
  • Anti-Bacterial Agents* / therapeutic use
  • Child
  • Child, Preschool
  • Cohort Studies
  • Drug Prescriptions* / statistics & numerical data
  • Female
  • Germany
  • Homeopathy* / statistics & numerical data
  • Humans
  • Infant
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Recurrence
  • Respiratory Tract Infections* / drug therapy
  • Young Adult

Substances

  • Anti-Bacterial Agents