1 Department of Surgery and Bioethics, Hackensack Meridian Health and Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, USA. charles.binkley@hmsom.edu.
2 Department of Family Medicine and Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University School of Medicine and Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
3 Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery and Clinical Ethics Service, Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.