Clinical Care Pathways for Second and Third Trimester Termination of Pregnancy for Medical Reasons in Canada

Elise Lavoie-Lebel; Madeleine Ennis; Regina Renner; Sarah Munro; Robin Leung; Jennifer Chisholm; Brigid Dineley; Liv Knutzen; Julie Robertson; Jessica Liauw

doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2025.102770

Clinical Care Pathways for Second and Third Trimester Termination of Pregnancy for Medical Reasons in Canada

J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2025 Mar;47(3):102770. doi: 10.1016/j.jogc.2025.102770. Epub 2025 Jan 23.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
² School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
³ British Columbia Women's Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC.
⁴ Department of Gender and Women's Studies, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON.
⁵ Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC. Electronic address: Jessica.liauw@phsa.ca.

PMID: 39855395
DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2025.102770

Abstract

Objectives: Termination of pregnancy in the second/third trimester for fetal or maternal complications (i.e., for medical reasons) is an essential health service. We aimed to describe the systems-level pathways for this care in Canada.

Methods: We conducted one-on-one semi-structured interviews with maternal-fetal medicine (MFM), medical genetics, and nursing/social work clinicians at the 10 academic MFM sites in Canada. We conducted qualitative content analysis to identify categories describing the clinical care pathway. We triangulated data from participants within sites and then compared data across sites to describe similarities and differences in care. We used NVivo14 software for coding.

Results: We recruited 28 participants representing all sites: 10 MFM specialists, 9 medical geneticists/genetic counsellors, and 9 nurses/social workers. We identified 4 main categories describing the clinical care pathway: (1) initial visit and clinic structure, (2) offering termination, (3) provision of procedural and medication termination, and (4) post-termination care. Across sites, although clinic structure and post-termination care were similar, there were differences in offering the option of termination (e.g., variable indications qualifying for approval) and variations in details regarding the provision of procedural and medical termination (e.g., upper gestational age limits for procedural vs. medical approaches).

Conclusions: Clinical care pathways for second/third trimester termination for medical reasons are variable across Canadian academic MFM centres, especially regarding circumstances under which termination is offered and details regarding the provision of procedural and medical termination. These differences provide opportunities to inform efforts to optimize equitable and comprehensive services in Canada.

Keywords: Canada; abortion; induced abortion; obstetrics; qualitative research.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Abortion, Induced* / methods
Adult
Canada
Critical Pathways*
Female
Humans
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Trimester, Second
Pregnancy Trimester, Third
Qualitative Research