Background: Sports participation in childhood is known to benefit physical health, but its effect on cognitive development, particularly comparing open-skill and closed-skill sports, is less understood.
Methods: This study analyzed baseline data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, comprising 11,869 children 9-10 yr old. Participants were categorized into open-skill sports group, closed-skill sports group, and nonsport group. Cognitive performance was assessed using seven tasks from the NIH Toolbox, covering executive function, processing speed, and language domains. Group differences were examined using ANCOVA, controlling for sex, race, parental education, income, area deprivation index, body mass index, and total time spent in activities.
Results: In the final analytical sample of 9,898 ABCD participants, the open-skill sports group (OSG) outperformed both the closed-skill sports group and nonsport group on executive function tasks, including the flanker task ( P < 0.01) and the List Sorting Working Memory task ( P < 0.01). No significant group differences were found on tasks assessing processing speed, or language domains.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that participation in open-skill sports may be associated with enhanced cognitive performance in childhood, particularly in executive function. These results support the idea that dynamic and cognitively demanding activities could play a role in cognitive development during key developmental periods.
Keywords: COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; EXTERNALLY PACED SPORTS; SPORTS PARTICIPATION.
Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Sports Medicine.