From GPT to DeepSeek: Significant gaps remain in realizing AI in healthcare

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY USA. Electronic address: yip4002@med.cornell.edu.
• ² Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN USA; Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN USA; Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University Nashville TN USA.
• ³ Department of Neurology, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA.
• ⁴ Department of Health Information Management, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA.
• ⁵ Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY USA.
• ⁶ Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center New York NY USA.
• ⁷ Biostatistics and Health Data Science, School of Medicine, Indiana University IN USA; Regenstrief Institute Indianapolis IN USA.