Disparities in Access to Reperfusion Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke (DARTS): A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Geographical Factors

Abstract

Background: Reperfusion therapies, such as intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and endovascular thrombectomy (EVT), are crucial for improving outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, access to these treatments can vary significantly due to ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and geographical location, impacting patient outcomes.

Objectives: The Disparities in Access to Reperfusion Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke (DARTS) study aims to systematically assess disparities in access to IVT and EVT on the basis of ethnicity, SES, and geographical location.

Methods: A comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted, incorporating data from 38 studies involving 5,256,531 patients with AIS. The analysis evaluated IVT and EVT utilization rates across ethnic groups, SES levels, and geographical locations.

Results: The findings reveal substantial disparities in access to reperfusion therapies. IVT and EVT utilization rates varied significantly by ethnicity (9% ethnic, 11% non-ethnic for IVT; 7% ethnic, 6% non-ethnic for EVT), SES (13% low SES, 16% high SES for IVT; 7% low SES, 10% high SES for EVT), and geography (9% rural, 12% urban for IVT; 1% rural, 4% urban for EVT). Black patients had significantly lower odds of receiving IVT (OR 0.69, p = 0.001) and EVT (OR 0.87, p = 0.005) compared with white patients. Similarly, patients with low SES and those from rural areas faced reduced odds of receiving IVT (OR 0.74, p < 0.001; OR 0.72, p = 0.002) and EVT (OR 0.74, p < 0.001; OR 0.39, p < 0.001). Rural patients also had significantly lower odds of timely hospital arrival (p < 0.001), posing a barrier to accessing reperfusion therapies.

Conclusions: The DARTS study (and this meta-analysis) reveals significant access disparities in AIS treatment related to ethnicity, geography, and SES, particularly affecting Black communities, low SES individuals, and rural populations. Despite advances in reperfusion therapies, suboptimal implementation rates persist. To address these issues, we recommend the EQUITY framework: Educate, Ensure Quality, provide Universal Access, Implement Inclusive Policy Reforms, Enhance Timely Data Collection, and Yield Culturally Sensitive Care Practices. Adopting these recommendations will improve access, reduce disparities, and enhance stroke management and outcomes globally. Equitable access is essential for all eligible patients to fully benefit from reperfusion treatments.