Pyroptosis has emerged as a promising approach for cancer immunotherapy. However, current pyroptosis inducers lack specificity for cancer cells and have a weak antitumour immune response. Here we report a tumour-specific nanoparticle (NP-NH-D5) that activates pyroptosis by disrupting lysosomes for cancer immunotherapy. NP-NH-D5 undergoes negative-to-positive charge reversal and nanoparticle-to-nanofibre transformation within tumour cell lysosomes through tandem response to extracellular matrix metallopeptidase-2 and intracellular reducing agents. The as-formed non-peptide nanofibres efficiently break the lysosomes and trigger gasdermin-D-mediated pyroptosis, leading to strong immunogenic cell death and alleviation of the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. In vivo, NP-NH-D5 inhibits orthotopic 4T1 breast tumours, prevents metastasis and recurrence, and prolongs survival without systemic side effects. Furthermore, it greatly enhances the effectiveness of PD-L1 antibody immunotherapy in the 4T1 late-stage lung metastasis and aggressive orthotopic Pan02 pancreatic tumour models. Our research may open pathways for developing stimuli-responsive pyroptosis inducers for precise cancer immunotherapy.
© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.