Although the exact pathophysiology of dandruff is still not completely decoded, current theories highlight the role of the microbiome on the skin surface in the patho-genesis. Several scalp microbiome studies from different populations have revealed the association of dandruff with bacterial and fungal dysbiosis. Another study comparing the major bacterial-fungal populations colonizing dandruff scalps in China and France suggests that targeting one par-ticular Malassezia species by antifungals instead of using broad-spectrum antifungals and rebalancing the dandruff scalp microbiota could be a common approach to improve dandruff condition.