1 Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom.
2 Department of Environment and Quality Control, Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
3 Clinical Metabolomics Unit, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
4 Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, United Kingdom.
5 Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
6 Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom. roy.goodacre@liverpool.ac.uk.