Study design: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Setting: Canada.
Objectives: Fatigue is one of the most common consequences of spinal cord injury (SCI). In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we examined interventions for fatigue in SCI and evaluated their effectiveness.
Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases were searched up to January 2024 inclusive. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed any intervention for at least one fatigue outcome in people with SCI were included. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool.
Results: Initial screening identified 282 studies from which six RCTs were included in the review (N = 249). One study found that moderate-intensity arm-crank exercise significantly improved fatigue compared to a control group (p = 0.036) with a large effect size (standard mean difference [SMD] = 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.10-2.00). Two studies assessing behavioral interventions found a moderate effect on fatigue (SMD = 0.46; 95% CI, -0.00-0.92; p = 0.05). Two studies did not find an effect of massage therapy on fatigue (SMD = 0.06; 95% CI, -0.38-0.50; p = 0.80). The risk of bias was classified as High for all but two of the RCTs.
Conclusions: These findings suggest that exercise and behavioral interventions promoting an active lifestyle may have a positive effect on fatigue. More research with larger sample sizes, including controls for co-morbid conditions like pain and depression, is needed to establish evidence-based treatments for reducing fatigue in people with SCI.
© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to International Spinal Cord Society.