1 Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
2 School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
3 Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, 929 Higashi‑cho, Kamogawa, Chiba, 296‑8602, Japan.
4 Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy. landoni.giovanni@hsr.it.
5 School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy. landoni.giovanni@hsr.it.
6 Section on Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest Center for Biomedical Informatics, Perioperative Outcomes and Informatics Collaborative, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston‑Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
7 Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.