Direct Sampling Mass Spectrometry Analysis for the Assessment of Wounds: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Mass spectrometry is increasingly utilised in medicine to identify and quantify small biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. Conventional mass spectrometry, however, requires time-consuming sample preparation, hindering its clinical application. Direct sampling mass spectrometry, which allows for direct analysis of patient samples with minimal preparation, offers potential for clinical use. This systematic review examines the utility of direct sampling mass spectrometry for the assessment of external wounds and explores its translational applications in wound care. Out of 2 930 screened abstracts, six studies were included employing various direct sampling mass spectrometry technologies. These studies focused on burn wounds (n = 3), pressure ulcers (n = 2), and acute surgical wounds (n = 1). Both targeted and untargeted molecular profiling methods were used to examine biomarkers related to inflammatory and healing processes, including various proteins, lipid species, and other metabolites. Direct sampling mass spectrometry was found to complement conventional methods such as histology, providing additional insights into the spatial localisation and accumulation of metabolites within wounds. Additionally, imaging techniques equipped with this technology can spatially map wound surfaces and reveal dynamic changes in wounds as they age or progress through different healing processes, with specific metabolite and protein accumulations potentially aiding in prognostication.

Keywords: biomarker; mass spectrometry; metabolomics; ulcer; wound.