Background: Malignant mesothelioma is a highly aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in driving tumor progression, with immune cells influencing disease outcomes. However, the molecular mechanisms underpinning mesothelioma's progression remain insufficiently understood. HLA-C, a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule, has been implicated in immune modulation and cancer progression, but its specific role in mesothelioma has yet to be thoroughly investigated.
Methods: This study employed a comprehensive multi-omics approach, integrating single-cell RNA sequencing, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis, and Mendelian randomization (MR), to elucidate the role of HLA-C in mesothelioma progression. We first analyzed HLA-C expression within the TME, with particular focus on immune cells, especially macrophages. Survival analysis was conducted using data from the TCGA mesothelioma cohort to assess the clinical relevance of HLA-C expression. We utilized mediated MR analysis to investigate the impact of DNA methylation on HLA-C expression, identifying key mediators such as inflammatory cytokines, immune cell populations, blood cell types, and metabolites that could potentially influence patient prognosis.
Results: HLA-C was predominantly expressed in macrophages, T cells, and NK cells within the TME, and higher expression levels were associated with improved patient survival. MR analysis revealed that DNA methylation regulates HLA-C expression, which in turn impacts mesothelioma outcomes. Mediated MR analysis, encompassing 91 inflammatory cytokines, 731 immune cell populations, 91 blood cell types, and 1400 metabolites, highlighted several critical mediators of HLA-C's effect on prognosis, including IL-10, CD33 expression on CD33dim HLA DR- myeloid cells, the reticulocyte perturbation response, and the ADP-to-citrate ratio. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed significant enrichment of immune-related and inflammatory pathways in patients with high HLA-C expression.
Conclusion: HLA-C, regulated by DNA methylation, plays a central role in mesothelioma prognosis by modulating immune responses, inflammatory cytokines, blood cell populations, and metabolic processes within the TME. Our findings suggest that HLA-C could serve as both a prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for mesothelioma, offering new insights into the molecular mechanisms driving this aggressive cancer.
Keywords: DNA methylation; HLA-C; Mendelian randomization; Mesothelioma; Tumor microenvironment.
© 2025. The Author(s).