The interplay of oil exploitation, environmental degradation and health in the Niger Delta: A scoping review

Abstract

Rationale: Despite its abundance of oil resources and multiple remediation interventions, the Nigerian Niger Delta region is still faced with underdevelopment and environmental degradation. The contamination of the environment by oil exploitation activities has affected land quality, water sources, and air quality, hence influencing the livelihoods, health, and nutritional habits of the local population.

Aim: This study synthesises evidence of the impacts of oil exploitation in the Niger Delta region, focusing on its effects on the environment, food systems, economy, and human health. While numerous studies have investigated various aspects of this issue, this review provides a comprehensive analysis of the intersection of these factors.

Methods: A total of 28 peer-reviewed studies (2000-2024) from Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar were analysed, following JBI and PRISMA-ScR guidelines, focusing on pollution impacts, health outcomes, socioeconomic disruptions, and policy responses. These findings were organised by the themes of environment, health, economy, and regulatory landscape.

Results: The findings reveal significant negative consequences. About 29% of studies documented oil pollution's severe agricultural impacts, including heavy metal contamination (e.g., lead in crops) and 240,000 annual oil spills degrading 60% of arable land. About 21% of studies on health linked pollution to significant health impacts, including respiratory disorders (prevalent in 35%-45% of exposed communities), reproductive risks, and increased psychological distress (40% reported anxiety or depression). Women are reported to be disproportionately affected by socioeconomic disruption, with 70%-80% of small-scale farmers and fishers facing livelihood losses.

Conclusion: More research is required to identify the long-term health effects of oil pollution and psychological impacts on affected populations. Detailed analysis of food security issues and adaptive strategies employed by local communities is also needed.

Keywords: environmental degradation; food security; health; oil exploitation; strategies.