Background: This review evaluates the efficacy and safety of therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with hepatic vein tumor thrombus (HVTT), inferior vena cava tumor thrombus (IVCTT), and/or right atrium tumor thrombus (RATT).
Research design and methods: A systematic review of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Wanfang databases up to 22 August 2024, was conducted, focusing on overall survival (OS), progression -free survival (PFS), and adverse reactions.
Results: Seven studies involving 453 patients were analyzed. Treatment strategies included surgery alone, local ± systemic therapy, and surgery with adjuvant therapy. The pooled 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates for all patients were 63.3%, 21.6% , and 8.3%, respectively. Surgery with adjuvant therapy achieved the highest 1-year OS, while local ± systemic therapy led to the best 5-year OS. The pooled 1-, 3-, and 5-year PFS rates for all patients were 56.8%, 9.4%, and 1.6%, respectively. Surgery alone commonly caused ascites and pleural effusion; the local ± systemic therapy commonly caused hepatic dysfunction and platelet abnormalities; and surgery with adjuvant therapy commonly caused peritoneal abscess.
Conclusion: Local ± systemic therapy provided the best long-term OS and manageable complications among the therapeutic strategies for HCC with HVTT, IVCTT, and/or RATT.
Registration: PROSPERO, (CRD42024573152).
Keywords: Heart; hepatectomy; hepatic vein; hepatocellular carcinoma; inferior vena cava; radiotherapy; targeted therapy; thrombectomy.