Background: The utility of systematic spinal cord (SC) MRI for monitoring disease activity after a multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnosis remains a topic of debate.
Objectives: To evaluate the frequency of disease activity when considering brain MRI alone versus both brain and SC MRI and to identify factors associated with the occurrence of new SC lesions.
Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of clinical and imaging data prospectively collected over 5 years as part of the EMISEP cohort study. A total of 221 intervals (with both brain and spinal cord MRI scans available at 2 consecutive time-points) from 68 patients were analysed. For each interval, brain (3D Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR, axial T2 and axial PD) and SC MRI (sagittal T2 and phase-sensitive inversion recovery, axial T2*w and 3D T1) were reviewed to detect new lesions. Each interval was classified as symptomatic (with relapse) or asymptomatic. The baseline brain and SC lesion numbers were computed.
Results: SC MRI activity without clinical relapse and/or brain MRI activity was rare (4 out of 221 intervals, 2%). The occurrence of a new SC lesion was associated with the number of brain lesions at baseline (OR = 1.002 [1.000; 1.0004], p = 0.015) and the occurrence of a new brain lesion during the interval (OR = 1.170 [1.041; 1.314], p = 0.009), but not with the baseline SC lesion number (p = 0.6).
Conclusion: These findings support the current guidelines recommending routine disease monitoring with brain MRI alone, even in patients with a high SC lesion load.
Keywords: Disease activity; Longitudinal study; MRI; Multiple sclerosis; Spinal cord.
© 2025. The Author(s).