The association and impact of radiographic, pathological emphysema and spirometric airway obstruction on patients with resectable lung adenocarcinoma

Respir Res. 2025 Apr 16;26(1):151. doi: 10.1186/s12931-025-03225-6.

Abstract

Background: Destruction of alveoli structure and lung function are interrelated, however, their correlation and clinical significance have been not well defined in patients with lung cancer. Thus, this study aimed to examine the association among radiographic, pathological emphysema and spirometric airway obstruction in patients with resectable lung cancer as well as explore their impact on postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) and long-term prognosis.

Methods: Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients who performed chest CT, spirometry, and curative resection were included from a prospective three-institution database. CT-defined emphysema at baseline was assessed visually and quantitatively, pathological emphysema was reviewed on postoperative specimen. Multivariable regression models, propensity score matching, stratified analysis, and subgroup analysis were adopted to reduce selection bias.

Results: Our cohort included 902 patients, with a median follow-up of 5.6 years. CT-defined emphysema was present in 163 patients (18.1%) and most of them (86.5%) were validated with pathological evidence. 169 had spirometric airway obstruction, while only 29.6% patients overlapped with CT-defined emphysema. Multivariable logistic regression models showed CT-defined emphysema, not airway obstruction, was associated with an increased risk of PPCs (adjusted odds ratio, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.40-3.93; P = 0.001). After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, smoking history, tumour stage, vascular invasion, pleural invasion, multivariate cox analysis identified CT-defined emphysema, not airway obstruction, as an independent prognostic factor for OS (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.44; 95%CI, 1.05-1.97; P = 0.022). Patients with both radiographic and pathological emphysema experienced worse OS (log-rank P < 0.001). In the propensity score-matched cohort, stratified analysis, and never-smokers subgroup analysis, CT-defined emphysema remained a strong and statistically significant factor related to poor survival.

Conclusions: The presence of radiological and pathological emphysema in resectable LUAD was associated with frequent PPCs and decreased survival.

Clinical trial number: Not applicable.

Keywords: CT; Complications; Emphysema; Lung adenocarcinomas; Prognosis.

Publication types

  • Multicenter Study

MeSH terms

  • Adenocarcinoma of Lung* / diagnostic imaging
  • Adenocarcinoma of Lung* / physiopathology
  • Adenocarcinoma of Lung* / surgery
  • Aged
  • Airway Obstruction* / diagnostic imaging
  • Airway Obstruction* / physiopathology
  • Cohort Studies
  • Female
  • Follow-Up Studies
  • Humans
  • Lung Neoplasms* / diagnostic imaging
  • Lung Neoplasms* / physiopathology
  • Lung Neoplasms* / surgery
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Pneumonectomy / adverse effects
  • Prospective Studies
  • Pulmonary Emphysema* / diagnostic imaging
  • Pulmonary Emphysema* / physiopathology
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Spirometry* / methods
  • Spirometry* / trends
  • Tomography, X-Ray Computed* / methods
  • Tomography, X-Ray Computed* / trends