The five senses of immunity

Douglas F Nixon; Nathaniel D Bachtel; Nathaniel Hupert; Ioannis Eleftherianos

doi:10.1016/j.it.2025.03.005

The five senses of immunity

Trends Immunol. 2025 May;46(5):361-363. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2025.03.005. Epub 2025 Apr 18.

Authors

Douglas F Nixon¹, Nathaniel D Bachtel², Nathaniel Hupert³, Ioannis Eleftherianos⁴

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Translational Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA. Electronic address: dnixon1@northwell.edu.
² Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
³ Department of Population Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology and Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
⁴ Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.

PMID: 40251093
PMCID: PMC12172028 (available on 2026-05-01)
DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2025.03.005

Abstract

A genealogy of immunity reveals increasingly complex systems for pathogen response, organism homeostasis, and multispecies interaction. New studies show how the five senses can all contribute to behavioral, shared and population level immunity redefining our understanding of the ways organisms communicate among and defend themselves.

MeSH terms

Animals
Homeostasis / immunology
Host-Pathogen Interactions / immunology
Humans
Immunity*

Grants and funding

F30 AI174787/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States