Systematic review of interventions for pre-frail and frail older adults: Evidence from clinical trials on frailty levels

Abstract

Introduction: The increasing global longevity underscores the necessity of effective interventions for older adults. Pre-frailty and frailty affect 54.1 % and 26.3 % of the elderly population, respectively, leading to adverse physical and cognitive outcomes. This study systematically reviewed the effectiveness of interventions targeting robust, pre-frail, and frail older adults in randomized controlled trials, analyzing frailty levels both collectively and individually.

Methods: Following the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology and PRISMA guidelines, seven databases were searched for studies published between 2018 and 2023. Randomized controlled trials involving individuals aged ≥65 years were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale, with scores ranging from 7 to 10, indicating moderate to high quality.

Results: A total of 3416 records were identified, and 40 studies were included, encompassing 17,822 participants (82.3 % women, mean age: 68-79 years). Physical exercise interventions accounted for 42.5 % of the studies, while multicomponent programs constituted 27.5 %. Improvements in frailty levels were reported in 32.5 % of the studies, with significant gains in quality of life (+15.2 %), gait speed (+0.22 m/s), and muscle strength (+18.7 %). Pre-frail individuals exhibited the greatest responsiveness to interventions, reflecting their remaining adaptability and potential for improvement.

Discussion: Multifaceted interventions were found to be particularly effective for pre-frail individuals, emphasizing the need for standardized criteria for frailty assessment. Geographic variability and inconsistencies in assessment methods were noted. Physical activity emerged as a key component in improving outcomes, with most interventions led by physiotherapists and physical education professionals.

Conclusion: Integrated interventions significantly enhance health and functionality, particularly for pre-frail older adults, underscoring the importance of early and tailored approaches. This study highlights the need for standardized guidelines and multidisciplinary strategies to address the heterogeneity of the aging population effectively.

Keywords: Frail older adults; Frailty stages; Functional decline; Geriatric syndromes; Multicomponent interventions; Pre-frail older adults.