Artificial intelligence and machine learning in cardiothoracic surgery: Future prospects and ethical issues

Affiliations

• ¹ J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.
• ² Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC.
• ³ Center for Artificial Intelligence, Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute, and Division of Cardiac Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill.
• ⁴ Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC. Electronic address: robert.m.sade@gmail.com.