Store-operated Ca2+ entry is involved in endothelium-to-mesenchymal transition in lung vascular endothelial cells

Abstract

Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is a biological process that converts endothelial cells to mesenchymal cells with increased proliferative and migrative abilities. EndMT has been implicated in the development of pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a fatal and progressive lung vascular disease. Transforming growth factor β₁ (TGF-β₁), an inflammatory cytokine, is known to induce EndMT in many types of endothelial cells including lung vascular endothelial cells (LVECs). An increase in cytosolic free Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]_cyt) is a major stimulus for cellular proliferation and phenotypic transition, but it is unknown whether Ca²⁺ signaling is involved in EndMT. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that TGF-β₁-induced EndMT in human LVEC is Ca²⁺-dependent. Treatment of LVEC with TGF-β₁ for 5-7 days resulted in increase in SNAI1/2 expression, induction of EndMT, upregulation of STIM/Orai1, and enhancement of store-operated Ca²⁺ entry (SOCE). Removal (or chelation) of extracellular or intracellular Ca²⁺ with EGTA or BAPTA-AM, respectively, abolished EndMT in response to TGF-β₁. Moreover, EGTA diminished TGF-β₁-induced increase in SNAI in a dose-dependent manner. Knockdown of either STIM1 or Orai1 was sufficient to prevent TGF-β-mediated increase in SNAI1/2 and EndMT but did not rescue the continuous adherent junctions. Blockade of Orai1 channels by AnCoA4 inhibited TGF-β-mediated EndMT and restored PECAM1-positive continuous adherent junctions. In conclusion, intracellular Ca²⁺ signaling plays a critical role in TGF-β-associated EndMT through enhanced SOCE and STIM1-Orai1 interaction. Thus, targeting Ca²⁺ signaling pathways regulating EndMT may be a novel therapeutic approach to treat PAH and other forms of precapillary pulmonary hypertension.NEW & NOTEWORTHY EndMT has been reported to contribute to the pathogenesis of PAH. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of Ca²⁺ signaling in the development of EndMT in human lung vascular endothelial cells. Our data suggest that TGF-β₁ requires store-operated Ca²⁺ entry through STIM1/Orai channels to induce SNAI-mediated EndMT. For the first time, we demonstrated that TGF-β₁-induced EndMT is a Ca²⁺-dependent event, whereas inhibition of STIM1/Orai interaction attenuated EndMT in response to TGF-β₁.

Keywords: Ca2+ signaling; STIM/Orai; endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition; pulmonary hypertension; store-operated Ca2+ channels.