Virtual Screening of Phytoconstituents in Indian Spices based on their Inhibitory Potential against SARS-CoV-2

Protein Pept Lett. 2025;32(5):335-352. doi: 10.2174/0109298665366911250416113831.

Abstract

Background: COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a highly pathogenic human coronavirus (CoV). For the treatment of COVID-19, various drugs, ayurvedic formulations, used for other diseases, were repurposed. Ayurveda and yoga exhibited a pivotal role in the treatment of COVID-19. Various medicinal plants, including garlic, tulsi, clove, cinnamon, ginger, black pepper, and turmeric, are recommended for the prevention of COVID-19 as immunity boosters along with their antiviral property.

Objective: In view of the drug repurposing approach, the present work has been initiated with the broader objectives of screening and identification of phytoconstituents of Indian spices against targets, namely furin, 3C-like protease (3CL-PRO), NSP-9 RNA binding protein, papain-like protease, RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP), spike protein concerned with life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 using in-silico tools.

Methods: The phytoconstituents of Indian spices were screened for interaction with several targets using a molecular docking approach with the help of Discovery Studio 4.5 software. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic analyses of selected ligands using ADMET and Lipinski's rule of five were also performed.

Results: In the present study, a total of 37 active phytoconstituents of Indian spices were screened for interaction with several identified targets of COVID-19 using a molecular docking approach. The ligands, namely morin, gingerol, myristic acid, quercetin, gallic acid and alliin were found to be the top interacting ligands with the targets analyzed.

Conclusion: Based on the present in-silico finding, the active components of spices could be considered for drug-lead compounds against COVID-19.

Keywords: COVID-19; ethnomedical literature; molecular docking; pandemic.; pharmacokinetics analysis; phytoconstituents.

MeSH terms

  • Antiviral Agents* / chemistry
  • Antiviral Agents* / pharmacology
  • Betacoronavirus* / drug effects
  • COVID-19 / virology
  • COVID-19 Drug Treatment
  • Catechols
  • Coronavirus 3C Proteases / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Coronavirus 3C Proteases / chemistry
  • Coronavirus Papain-Like Proteases / chemistry
  • Coronavirus Papain-Like Proteases / metabolism
  • Drug Repositioning
  • Fatty Alcohols
  • Furin / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Furin / chemistry
  • Furin / metabolism
  • Humans
  • India
  • Molecular Docking Simulation
  • Pandemics
  • Phytochemicals* / chemistry
  • Phytochemicals* / pharmacology
  • SARS-CoV-2 / drug effects
  • Spices* / analysis
  • Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus / chemistry
  • Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus / metabolism

Substances

  • Antiviral Agents
  • Phytochemicals
  • spike protein, SARS-CoV-2
  • Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
  • Coronavirus 3C Proteases
  • Furin
  • Coronavirus Papain-Like Proteases
  • gingerol
  • 3C-like proteinase, SARS-CoV-2
  • Catechols
  • Fatty Alcohols