Francisella tularensis Subspecies holarctica in Stranded Beluga Whales, Cook Inlet, Alaska, USA

Emerg Infect Dis. 2025 Jun;31(6):1247-1250. doi: 10.3201/eid3106.250033.

Abstract

We report fatal tularemia in stranded beluga whales in Cook Inlet, Alaska, USA. Francisella tularensis was detected by nanopore metagenomics, confirmed by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry, and characterized as F. tularensis subspecies holarctica by multilocus sequence typing. Our findings should be considered when assessing biosecurity and marine mammal health in the North Pacific.

Keywords: Alaska; Francisella tularensis; MLST; United States; bacteria; beluga whale; cetacean; holarctica; marine mammal; metagenomics; nanopore; tularemia.

Publication types

  • Case Reports

MeSH terms

  • Alaska / epidemiology
  • Animals
  • Beluga Whale* / microbiology
  • Francisella tularensis* / classification
  • Francisella tularensis* / genetics
  • Francisella tularensis* / isolation & purification
  • Multilocus Sequence Typing
  • Phylogeny
  • Tularemia* / diagnosis
  • Tularemia* / epidemiology
  • Tularemia* / microbiology
  • Tularemia* / veterinary