Recent research frontiers of heterocycles as antifungal Agents: Insights from the past five years

Abstract

This review explores the growing global concern of fungal infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, and highlights the critical need for improved antifungal therapies. With the rise of multidrug-resistant strains, such as Candida auris and Aspergillus fumigatus, current antifungal treatments face limitations, including toxicity, low bioavailability, and the development of resistance. Heterocyclic compounds, particularly those targeting key fungal enzymes and pathways, are emerging as promising candidates in the fight against these infections. The review focuses on the structural diversity and mechanisms of action of heterocyclic antifungal agents, including azoles, echinocandins, novel dual-target inhibitors, and more. Additionally, it discusses advancements in drug design, delivery systems, and the role of artificial intelligence in identifying new compounds. By addressing gaps in existing therapies and presenting new insights into heterocyclic drug development, this study aims to guide future research towards more effective and safer antifungal treatments.

Keywords: Antifungal agents; Fungal infection; Fungal therapy; Heterocyclic derivatives; Marketed antifungal drugs.