Lipid Droplet-Organized MDM2-Mediated P53 Degradation: A Metabolic Switch Governing Diet-Driven Tumor Progression

Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Aug;12(32):e03473. doi: 10.1002/advs.202503473. Epub 2025 Jun 5.

Abstract

TP53 inactivation in human cancers often results from MDM2/MDMX overexpression, yet therapeutic targeting remains challenging owing to incomplete mechanistic understanding. Lipid droplet (LD) enrichment is identified as a key trigger for MDM2-mediated p53 degradation. High-fat diet (HFD)-induced LD accumulation in tumor cells elevates LD-surface MDM2 through Cyb5r3-Myh9 interactions, which recruit cytoplasmic p53/Myh9 complexes to LDs. This spatial proximity enhances MDM2-p53 binding, accelerating its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Degraded p53 releases the RPS3A-C/EBPβ complex, upregulating LD-promoting factors such as CD36 to establish a cell-autonomous feed-forward loop. Critically, pharmacological LD reduction (via lipogenesis inhibitors) or switching of tumor-bearing mice from an HFD to a normal diet restores p53 levels and suppresses tumor growth. These findings delineate a lipid-driven regulatory axis in which LD biogenesis initiates MDM2-dependent p53 destruction, reshaping tumor cell lipid metabolism. This mechanism links dietary lipids to oncogenesis through organelle-specific protein trafficking and provides a therapeutic rationale for targeting lipid metabolism in tumors. This study resolves critical gaps in p53 regulation while proposing dual intervention strategies: disrupting LD-MDM2 colocalization and modulating lipid availability.

Keywords: high‐fat diets; lipid droplets; p53 degradation initiation; tumor growth.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Diet, High-Fat / adverse effects
  • Disease Progression
  • Humans
  • Lipid Droplets* / metabolism
  • Lipid Metabolism
  • Mice
  • Neoplasms* / metabolism
  • Neoplasms* / pathology
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2* / genetics
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2* / metabolism
  • Tumor Suppressor Protein p53* / genetics
  • Tumor Suppressor Protein p53* / metabolism

Substances

  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2
  • Tumor Suppressor Protein p53
  • MDM2 protein, human