2D Carbon Material-Based Bio-Abiotic Interfaces

Abstract

2D carbon materials emerge as transformative platforms for bio-abiotic interface engineering, leveraging their distinctive physicochemical properties - including exceptional surface-to-volume ratios, outstanding mechanical strength, tunable electrical conductivity, and inherent biocompatibility. These attributes collectively enable breakthrough innovations across biosensing architectures, targeted therapeutic delivery systems, biomimetic tissue scaffolds, and electrophysiological modulation technologies. Contemporary research yields significant advances in synthesis and fabrication techniques for 2D carbon materials. The flexibility of these materials ensures compatibility with dynamic tissues, while their surface modifiability allows functionalization for specific applications. Emerging implementations span three critical domains of modern bioengineering: implantable devices, wearable devices, and human-machine interfaces. This review summarizes fabrication strategies correlating nanoscale architectures with the macroscopic performance of 2D carbon materials and their applications across the three fields. By establishing critical design principles and addressing current challenges in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, this work aims to provide a foundational framework for developing next-generation intelligent bio-abiotic interface systems with enhanced functionality and biological fidelity.

Keywords: 2D carbon materials; bio‐abiotic interfaces; human‐machine interfaces; sensors.