Yellow fever in South America - A plea for action and call for prevention also in travelers from SLAMVI, ESGITM, EVASG, ALEIMC, GEPI-SEIMC, SEMEVI, and CMTZMV-ACIN
Travel Med Infect Dis. 2025 Sep-Oct:67:102871.
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2025.102871.
Epub 2025 Jun 27.
1 Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru; Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Facultad de Medicina, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas-Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Risaralda, Pereira 660003, Colombia. Electronic address: arodriguezmo@cientifica.edu.pe.
2 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: Hazmi_6@hotmail.com.
3 Programa de Medicina, Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia; Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Universitario Julio Méndez Barreneche, Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia. Electronic address: doctorkatime@gmail.com.
4 Hospital Selayang, Malaysia. Electronic address: drahneez@gmail.com.
5 Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui" (INEVH)-ANLIS, Pergamino, Argentina. Electronic address: mariaalejandra@yahoo.com.ar.
6 Argentine Infectious Diseases Society (SADI), Buenos Aires, Argentina. SLAMVI (Latin American Society of Travel Medicine), San Juan, PR, USA; Member of the International Society of Travel Medicine (ISTM), GlaxoSmithKline [GSK], Rio de Janeiro, 22783-110, Brazil. Electronic address: alejandro.c.lepetic132@gmail.com.
7 Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela. Electronic address: risqueza@gmail.com.
8 Clinical and Translational Medicine Research Group, Critical Physiology Subdivision, Intensive Care Department, Hospital Federico Lleras Acosta, Ibagué, Colombia; Intensive Care Department, Hospital Federico Lleras Acosta, Ibagué, Colombia. Electronic address: ajfode@gmail.com.
9 Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru. Electronic address: alexisholg@hotmail.com.
10 Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Militar Central, Bogotá, Colombia; Facultad de medicina, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá, Colombia. Electronic address: afaccini@gmail.com.
11 Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Asunción, Paraguay. Electronic address: amigquintana3@gmail.com.
12 Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: anafribeiro1@gmail.com.
13 Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, University Medical City, Muscat, Oman. Electronic address: thebrightsoul2@gmail.com.
14 Cyprus International University, North Nicosia, Cyprus. Electronic address: ataylan@ciu.edu.tr.
15 Department of Infection & Immunity, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: balramrnair@gmail.com.
16 Travel Medicine Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico. Electronic address: baruchjdr@clinicadeviajero.unam.mx.
18 Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand. Electronic address: porbhanasut@gmail.com.
19 Semmelweis University Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, School of Infectious Diseases, Budapest, Hungary; National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, Hungary. Electronic address: Botondt.lakatos@gmail.com.
20 Clinica Universitaria Colombia, Clinica Colsanitas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia. Electronic address: caalvarezmo@unal.edu.co.
21 Department of Pediatrics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia. Electronic address: catorres@uniandes.edu.co.
22 Department of Microbiology, Unit for Parasitology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden. Electronic address: caroline.ronnberg@folkhalsomyndigheten.se.
23 Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, División de Pediatría, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Electronic address: cperret@uc.cl.
24 Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Global Health, Aarhus University (GloHAU), Aarhus, Denmark; European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Study Group for Infections in Travellers and Migrants (ESGITM), Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: wejse@clin.au.dk.
25 Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal. Electronic address: draayuz@gmail.com.
26 Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dr Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania. Electronic address: cornel160@yahoo.com.
27 Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Syria Public Health Network, United Kingdom; MSF OCA, Manson Unit, London, United Kingdom.
28 Fundación GESICA (Grupo de Estudios Sobre Investigación Clínica en Argentina), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: cristianbiscayart@hotmail.com.
29 College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: dbonilla@continental.edu.pe.
32 Hospital Metropolitano de Santiago (HOMS), Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra (PUCMM), Santiago de Los Caballeros, Dominican Republic. Electronic address: delunadavid1@gmail.com.
33 Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela; Infectious Diseases Research Department, Infectus, Caracas, Venezuela. Electronic address: vacter.cv@gmail.com.
35 Serviço de Doenças Infeciosas, Unidade Local de Saúde Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratório de Microbiologia na Saúde Ambiental, Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Clínica Universitária de Doenças Infeciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal. Electronic address: diogo.pedro@ulssm.min-saude.pt.
36 London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, the Republic of the Gambia. Electronic address: edward.monk@lshtm.ac.uk.
37 Cambridge Health Alliance and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA. Electronic address: eiiliaki@challiance.org.
38 Department of Infectious Diseases - Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy. Electronic address: emanuele.pontali@galliera.it.
39 Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Saarland, Homburg Germany; College of Veterinary Medicine, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Nigeria. Electronic address: drngbede@hotmail.com.
40 Semmelweis University, Pediatric Center, Budapest, Hungary; Semmelweis University, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Budapest, Hungary. Electronic address: farkas.ferenc.balazs@semmelweis.hu.
41 National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.
42 Teaching hospital of Clinical Research and Medical Education Center (Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas, CEMIC) "Norberto Quirno", Fundación de Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: florescarra@gmail.com.
44 National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: ffnorman@gmail.com.
45 Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area - (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy. Electronic address: francesco.digennaro1@uniba.it.
46 Hospital Central de la Defensa "Gómez Ulla", Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: javimembrillo@gmail.com.
47 Committee of Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses and Travel Medicine, Asociación Colombiana de Infectología ACIN, Colombia; Universidad de Córdoba, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico, Corporación Universitaria del Caribe: CECAR, Sucre, Colombia. Electronic address: arrietager@yahoo.es.
48 Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area - (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy. Electronic address: giacguido@gmail.com.
49 Servicio de Sanidad Exterior, Valencia, Spain. Electronic address: angel.viudes@correo.gob.es.
50 Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. Electronic address: gustavo.grandez@unmsm.edu.pe.
51 VM Medicalpark Samsun Hospital, Samsun, Turkey. Electronic address: hakanomu@yahoo.com.
52 Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Electronic address: h.k.dejong@amsterdamumc.nl.
53 Área de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Salud Pública del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia; Grupo de Inmunología Molecular - GYMOL, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia. Electronic address: hernan.vargas@yahoo.com.
54 Department of Laboratory Medicine at Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: 124526@schmc.ac.kr.
55 Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas-Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, 660003, Colombia; Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA; Grupo de Investigación en Infecciones Emergentes y Medicina Tropical, Instituto para la Investigación en Ciencias Biomedicas - Sci-Help, Risaralda, Pereira, Colombia. Electronic address: jaime.cardona@uam.edu.co.
56 Infectious Diseases Section, Tropical Medicine Institute, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela. Electronic address: jaimerafael.torres@gmail.com.
57 Hospital Vega Baja, Orihuela, Spain; Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain; CIBERINFEC Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain; FISABIO, Valencia, Spain. Electronic address: jarallenas@gmail.com.
58 Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. Electronic address: wagenhaeu_i@ukw.de.
59 Infectious Diseases Department - Center of Rickettsiosis and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain; Hospital Universitario San Pedro/Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain. Electronic address: jaoteo@riojasalud.es.
60 Servicio de Sanidad Exterior en Algeciras, Cádiz, Spain. Electronic address: jose.gallegos@correo.gob.es.
61 Grupo Infección e Inmunidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia. Electronic address: jcsepulv@utp.edu.co.
62 Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas-Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Risaralda, 660003, Pereira, Colombia. Electronic address: juan.hernandez@uam.edu.co.
63 Committee of Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses and Travel Medicine, Asociación Colombiana de Infectología (ACIN), Bogotá, DC, Colombia; Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales-GRICA, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia. Electronic address: julian.ruizs@campusucc.edu.co.
64 Global Health and Infectious Diseases Control Institute, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria. Electronic address: justin.nwofe@gmail.com.
65 Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: jdkowalska@gmail.com.
66 Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, United Kingdom. Electronic address: kjackson09@qub.ac.uk.
67 Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ankara, Türkiye; Hacettepe University Children's Hospital Infection Control Committee, Ankara, Türkiye. Electronic address: kubraklnc.kk@gmail.com.
69 Unisabana Center for Translational Science, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Chia, Colombia. Electronic address: luis.reyes5@unisabana.edu.co.
70 Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione e Rigenerativa e Area Jonica - (DiMePRe-J)-University of Bari Italy. Electronic address: Luisana.frallonardo@gmail.com.
71 Central Laboratory Unit, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. Electronic address: krone_m@ukw.de.
72 Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN), Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. Electronic address: Marcefuquen@gmail.com.
73 Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Servicio de Microbiología, Málaga, Spain; Universidad Internacional de la Rioja (UNIR), Facultad de la salud, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: marcosempere@gmail.com.
74 Hospital Escuela, Instituto Hondureño de Seguridad Social, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Electronic address: mtluque@yahoo.com.
75 Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital de Curry Cabral, Unidade Local de Saúde de São José, Lisbon, Portugal. Electronic address: mariamiguelcarlos@gmail.com.
76 Servicio de Sanidad Exterior, Huelva, Spain. Electronic address: mar.faraco@correo.gob.es.
77 Servicio de Sanidad Exterior, Málaga, Spain. Electronic address: info@semevi.es.
78 Policlinico di Monza, Monza, Italy. Electronic address: marinella.lauriola@gmail.com.
79 Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI), Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: mariomasana@gmail.com.
80 Hospital de Infecciosas F. J. Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Fatala Chaben, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: marisa.fernandez@gmail.com.
81 Committee of Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses and Travel Medicine, Asociación Colombiana de Infectología (ACIN), Bogotá, DC, Colombia; Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales-GRICA, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia; Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología Veterinaria, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia. Electronic address: marlen.martinez@udea.edu.co.
82 National Referral Centre for Tropical Diseases and International Health, High Level Isolation Unit, Hospital La Paz-Carlos III, IdIPAz, CIBERINFEC Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: marta.diazmenendez@gmail.com.
83 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: myoldi@clinic.cat.
84 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. Electronic address: micabada@utmb.edu.
85 Imported Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit, Toledo University Hospital, Toledo, Spain. Electronic address: miguel.cuentaexterna@gmail.com.
87 Hospital Roosevelt de Guatemala, Universidad Rafael Landivar, Guatemala City, Guatemala. Electronic address: nsandovalpaiz@gmail.com.
88 Hospital Regional de Zacapa, Guatemala; Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Zacapa, Guatemala. Electronic address: nuriamariach@yahoo.com.
89 Institute for Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Am Klinikum 1, 07749, Jena, Germany. Electronic address: oana.joean@gmail.com.
90 High Level Isolation Unit. Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Central de la Defensa "Gómez Ulla", Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: octavioaarce@gmail.com.
91 Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Electronic address: oliver.koch@nhs.scot.
92 Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France. Electronic address: OEpaulard@chu-grenoble.fr.
93 Gaziantep City Hospital, Gaziantep, Türkiye. Electronic address: osmancirit@yahoo.com.
94 Izmir Public Health Laboratory, Izmir, Turkey. Electronic address: ozlemturkmen09@gmail.com.
95 Dr. Radamés Nardini Clinical Hospital - ABC Santo André, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: pasesa2@hotmail.com.
96 Servicio de Sanidad Exterior, Tarragona, Spain. Electronic address: patricia.guillot@correo.gob.es.
97 Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria. Electronic address: petar.kr.velikov@gmail.com.
98 Universidad Privada de Tacna, Tacna, Peru. Electronic address: mighueda@virtual.upt.pe.
99 School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece. Electronic address: p.ioannou@uoc.gr.
100 Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg (UKGM), Marburg, Germany. Electronic address: pluga123@gmail.com.
101 All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India. Electronic address: ramashankar.aiims@gmail.com.
102 Official Vaccination & Travel Clinic, 122 Cll Rodrigo de Triana, San Juan, PR, USA. Electronic address: dr.echevarriacofino@gmail.com.
103 School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Dept of Infectious Diseases, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Electronic address: rheaoregan@gmail.com.
104 Florence's Local Health Unit, Florence, Italy. Electronic address: paggi.riccardo@gmail.com.
105 Núcleo de Vigilância Epidemiológica, Seção de Epidemiologia Hospitalar, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: rodrigo.angerami@gmail.com.
106 Department of Infectious Diseases, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, APHP, University of Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Garches, France; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: salam.abbara@gmail.com.
107 Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Colombia. Electronic address: smattar@correo.unicordoba.edu.co.
108 Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Italy. Electronic address: salvatore.scarso@sacrocuore.it.
109 Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy. Electronic address: samuele.gaggioli@unifi.it.
110 Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: sergioverbanaz@gmail.com.
111 Department of Infectious Diseases, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Electronic address: sitimardhiah1994@yahoo.com.
113 Argentine Infectious Diseases Society (SADI), Buenos Aires, Argentina. SLAMVI (Latin American Society of Travel Medicine), San Juan, PR, USA; Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Jefatura, Sección de Zoopatología Médica, Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas F. J. Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: sclloveras@gmail.com.
114 Department of Infectious - Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy. Electronic address: tamara.ursini@sacrocuore.it.
115 Evandro Chagas Institute, Health of Ministry of Brazil, Rodovia BR 316 Km 07, S/N, CEP 67030-000 Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Pará, Pará, Brazil; Curso de medicina - Centro Universitário do Estado do Pará (CESUPA), Belém, PA, Brazil. Electronic address: tania.chaves@uol.com.br.
116 Travel Medicine Program, Clínica Alemana, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; Charité Center for Global Health, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: thomas.weitzel@gmail.com.
117 Hospital de Infecciosas F. J. Muñiz (Travel and Tropical Medicine Consultant), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Scientific Committe Fundación Mundo Sano, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: torduna@intramed.net.
118 Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. Electronic address: tommaso.manciulli@unifi.it.
119 United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA) Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: tommy.rampling@nhs.net.
120 Asociación Nacional de Médicos Veterinarios de Colombia (AMEVEC), Bogotá, Colombia; Comité de Medicina Tropical, Zoonosis y Medicina del Viajero de la Asociación Colombiana de Infectología (ACIN), Bogotá, Colombia; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Fundación Universitaria San Martín (FUSM), Bogotá, Colombia. Electronic address: victor.acero@sanmartin.edu.co.
121 Instituto Medicina Tropical, Asunción, Paraguay. Electronic address: Virgilio.lezcano@gmail.com.
122 Servicio de Infectología, Instituto Nacional Cardiopulmonar, Servicio de Atención Integral a Personas que Viven con VIH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Electronic address: karely.mn@gmail.com.
123 Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Atlantico, Barranquilla, Colombia. Electronic address: wilmer.villamil@unisimon.edu.co.
124 Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: yas.oguz99@yahoo.com.
125 Hospital Metropolitano de Santiago (HOMS), Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra (PUCMM), Santiago de Los Caballeros, Dominican Republic. Electronic address: yoriroque@gmail.com.
126 Ministry of National Health Services Regulations and Coordination Islamabad Pakistan, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan. Electronic address: Nadia.jamil3@gmail.com.
127 CA Medlynks Medical Centre and Laboratory, Nairobi, Kenya. Electronic address: ypaul.py@gmail.com.
128 Center for Public Health Research, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Laboratory of Public Health, IRCCS istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: pietro.ferrara@unimib.it.
129 Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, North Zealand, Hillerød, Denmark; Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: zitta.barrella.harboe@regionh.dk.