From morphology to epigenetics: current understanding of the floral regulation in woody perennials

Abstract

Woody perennials respond to changing seasonal cues to initiate reproductive development at particular times of year. Reproductive development is regulated by external and endogenous factors that trigger floral signals which move from leaves to apex and are connected with a network of genes when they transit into a flower. Epigenetic factors also control gene expression patterns in response to external signals and regulate phase transition. The reproductive phase change and regulation of floral signals is much more complicated in woody perennials than in model plants. Here, we discuss the role of external factor-mediated molecular and morphological changes during reproductive phase transition. Further, we focus on flowering regulatory pathways and epigenetic regulations. This paper explores how floral regulatory mechanisms govern flowering in woody perennials. By synthesizing current research, this review provides novel insights that may contribute to advancements in crop breeding and resilience strategies.

Keywords: Epigenetics; Floral meristem identity; Gene regulation; Phase change; Trees.