Obesity is a complex metabolic disorder with high global prevalence. Recent studies have highlighted the crucial role of gut microbiota in obesity's onset and progression. This review explores the relationship between gut microbiota composition and obesity, emphasizing how changes in microbial communities can influence host metabolism, energy balance, and fat storage. By reviewing current evidence regarding the interactions between specific microbial taxa; their metabolic byproducts, such as short-chain fatty acids; and host signaling pathways, we aim to clarify the mechanisms through which the gut microbiome contributes to obesity. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of microbiota engineering through precision strategies such as the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and genetically engineered microbial strains. Collectively, this review highlights the targeted modulation of the gut microbiome as a promising and innovative approach to the prevention and treatment of obesity.
Keywords: gut microbiota; host–microbe interaction; metabolic disorder; microbiome engineering; obesity.