Understanding tumor heterogeneity by examining how cells are organized in tissues is essential to better decipher the biological processes involved in cancer and to improve therapeutic management. Here, we present a protocol for a multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) technique that enables the detection of an array of protein markers and allows immunophenotyping on a single section of human hepatocellular carcinoma. We describe the procedures for antibody labeling, mIF image acquisition using Cell DIVE, and preliminary analysis using QuPath software.
Keywords: Cancer; Immunology; Microscopy.
Copyright © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.