A Wearable Electrochemical Biosensor for Salivary Detection of Periodontal Inflammation Biomarkers: Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Sensor with Deep Learning Integration

Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Oct;12(40):e09658. doi: 10.1002/advs.202509658. Epub 2025 Jul 26.

Abstract

The work presented here introduces a developed electrochemical biosensor for the salivary detection of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), utilizing a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) matrix based on poly(o-phenylenediamine). To enhance detection sensitivity and modulate impedance responses, graphene oxide (GO) is incorporated as an interlayer, providing a conductive and chemically stable matrix for precise electrochemical sensing. Density functional theory simulations confirm the formation of highly selective binding sites, further reinforcing the sensor's specificity for MMP-8 detection. The impedance-based mechanism allows real-time, label-free detection of salivary MMP-8 by tracking charge transfer resistance changes via the K[Fe(CN)₆]3⁻/⁴⁻ redox probe, offering a non-invasive and highly sensitive alternative to conventional methods. Clinical validation using patient samples demonstrates excellent sensor performance, achieving high specificity and reproducibility. Additionally, a deep learning-assisted data analysis framework is integrated to enhance diagnostic accuracy by filtering out noise, identifying disease progression trends. Furthermore, a wearable mouthguard platform integrating the MIP-based electrode, enabling continuous monitoring of oral inflammation and facilitating early therapeutic intervention is developed. This approach, which combines MIP technology, electrochemical biosensing, wearable healthcare, and AI-driven diagnostics, has the potential to establish a next-generation precision oral health monitoring platform, advancing periodontal disease detection and personalized clinical management.

Keywords: electrochemical biosensors; matrix metalloproteinase‐8; molecularly imprinted polymers; point‐of‐care testing; wearable oral healthcare monitoring device.

MeSH terms

  • Biomarkers / analysis
  • Biosensing Techniques* / instrumentation
  • Biosensing Techniques* / methods
  • Deep Learning*
  • Electrochemical Techniques* / instrumentation
  • Electrochemical Techniques* / methods
  • Graphite / chemistry
  • Humans
  • Inflammation / diagnosis
  • Matrix Metalloproteinase 8* / analysis
  • Molecularly Imprinted Polymers* / chemistry
  • Reproducibility of Results
  • Saliva* / chemistry
  • Saliva* / enzymology
  • Wearable Electronic Devices*

Substances

  • Molecularly Imprinted Polymers
  • Biomarkers
  • Matrix Metalloproteinase 8
  • Graphite