Effects of The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild and Studio Ghibli Films on Young People's Sense of Exploration, Calm, Mastery and Skill, Purpose and Meaning, and Overall Happiness in Life: Exploratory Randomized Controlled Study

Annisa Arigayota; Barbara Duffek; Congcong Hou; Andreas Benedikt Eisingerich

doi:10.2196/76522

Effects of The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild and Studio Ghibli Films on Young People's Sense of Exploration, Calm, Mastery and Skill, Purpose and Meaning, and Overall Happiness in Life: Exploratory Randomized Controlled Study

JMIR Serious Games. 2025 Aug 1:13:e76522. doi: 10.2196/76522.

Authors

Annisa Arigayota¹, Barbara Duffek², Congcong Hou³, Andreas Benedikt Eisingerich¹

Affiliations

¹ Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
² Robinson College of Business, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
³ Faculty of Commerce, Kyushu Sangyo University, Fukuoka, Japan.

PMID: 40750097
PMCID: PMC12357126
DOI: 10.2196/76522

Abstract

Background: Young people feel increasingly anxious and sad nowadays. Engaging with works of art and entertainment, such as playing open-world games or watching Studio Ghibli films, can be more than just a pastime. However, the extent to which, if at all, open-world games and feelings of nostalgia affect overall happiness in life remains unclear.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the extent to which open-world games, such as The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild, and nostalgia evoked by Studio Ghibli films, such as Hayao Miyazaki's My Neighbor Totoro or Kiki's Delivery Service, affect postgraduate students' sense of exploration, calm, mastery and skill, purpose and meaning, and, ultimately, happiness in life.

Methods: A controlled laboratory experiment was conducted using a 2 (playing an open-world game vs no open-world game) × 2 (nostalgia vs no nostalgia) between-subject design. Study participants (N=518) were randomly assigned to the study's 4 conditions and answered a brief questionnaire, examining their sense of exploration, calm, mastery and skill, purpose and meaning, and, ultimately, happiness in life. As part of the study, we conducted univariate analysis and bootstrapping-based moderated mediation analysis with 5000 resamples.

Results: The results showed a significant and positive impact of playing an open-world game on overall life happiness (mean [M]_playedgame 4.563, SD 0.072, vs M_{notplayedgame} 3.170, SD 0.072; F_{(1, 517)}=117.246, P<.001). Furthermore, the positive impact of open-world games on overall life happiness was significantly enhanced by nostalgia evoked by watching Studio Ghibli films (M_nostalgia 5.45, SD 0.102, vs M_nonostalgia 3.58, SD 0.102; SE 0.144, 95% CI 1.332-1.900; P<.001). Moreover, exploratory moderated mediation with bootstrapped-based analyses and 5000 resamples demonstrated that the effect of playing open-world games on happiness is mediated by a sense of exploration (effect=0.11; SE 0.05, 95% CI 0.04-0.21), sense of calm (effect=0.32; SE 0.09, 95% CI 0.15-0.51), sense of skill and mastery (effect=0.08; SE 0.05, 95% CI 0.01-0.18), and sense of purpose and meaning (effect=0.32; SE 0.14, 95% CI 0.06-0.60).

Conclusions: This study shows that playing an open-world game, such as The The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild, and nostalgia evoked by Studio Ghibli films significantly foster a sense of exploration and calm in life, as well as a feeling of mastery and skill, and purpose and meaning, hence ultimately contributing positively to one's overall happiness in life.

Trial registration: ISRCTN ISRCTN14757739; https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN14757739.

Keywords: Kiki’s Delivery Service; My Neighbor Totoro; Nintendo; lab experimental study; nostalgia; open-world games; postgraduate students.

©Annisa Arigayota, Barbara Duffek, Congcong Hou, Andreas Benedikt Eisingerich. Originally published in JMIR Serious Games (https://games.jmir.org), 01.08.2025.